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Garry Kimovich Kasparov ((ロシア語:Га́рри Ки́мович Каспа́ров), (:ˈɡarʲɪ ˈkʲiməvʲɪtɕ kɐˈsparəf); born Garik Kimovich Weinstein,〔''Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov'', part I, 2011, ISBN 978-1-85744-672-2, pp. 16–17〕 13 April 1963) is a Russian (formerly Soviet) chess Grandmaster, former World Chess Champion, writer, and political activist, considered by many to be the greatest chess player of all time.〔"Most experts place Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at age 22 by defeating then-champion Anatoly Karpov.〔Ruslan Ponomariov won the disputed FIDE title, at the age of 18, when the world title was split〕 He held the official FIDE world title until 1993, when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association. In 1997 he became the first world champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls, when he lost to the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue in a highly publicized match. He continued to hold the "Classical" World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. Kasparov announced his retirement from professional chess on 10 March 2005, after which he devoted his time to politics and writing. He formed the United Civil Front movement, and joined as a member of The Other Russia, a coalition opposing the administration and policies of Vladimir Putin. In 2008, he announced an intention to run as a candidate in the 2008 Russian presidential race, but failure to find a sufficiently large rental space to assemble the number of supporters that is legally required to endorse such a candidacy led him to withdraw. Kasparov blamed "official obstruction" for the lack of available space.〔Conor Sweeney, Chris Baldwin, (Putin "heir" on course to win Russia election: poll )〕 Although he is widely regarded in the West as a symbol of opposition to Putin, support for him as a candidate was very low.〔 The political climate in Russia reportedly makes it difficult for opposition candidates to organize.〔 Gessen describes some of the obstacles Kasparov encountered during the attempt to build his campaign: his chartered plane was refused airport access; hotels were advised not to house him; event attendees and organizers were threatened; secret police were a constant presence; a "total television blackout" was enforced. These measures, Gessen concludes, kept the Kasparov movement from growing.〕〔"Independent opposition candidates faced many obstacles. In February, Putin signed a law requiring all independent candidates to collect signatures from 3 percent of their constituents. The city didn’t finalize the boundaries of the districts — which expanded from 35 to 45 — until April. Then in May, two of the original 'For Moscow' members were slapped with fraud charges, effectively ending their campaigns.(break ) The remaining would-be candidates had a few weeks in the summer to collect approximately 5,000 signatures. It proved an elusive goal for most coalition members."〕 He is currently on the board of directors for the Human Rights Foundation and chairs its International Council. == Early career == Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein (Russian: Гарик Вайнштейн) in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR (now Azerbaijan), Soviet Union. His father, Kim Moiseyevich Weinstein, was Russian Jewish, and his mother, Klara Gasparian, was Armenian.〔(Chess Champion Garry Kasparov is Russia's Great Red Hope )〕〔(''Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov'' ): "I am absolutely sure that the Garry Kasparov, who became leader of the chess world, professed the same values as Garik Weinstein, who once, following the example of his father, became fascinated by chess..."〕〔(Biography ) on Kasparov.ru site 〕〔''White King and Red Queen'' by Daniel Johnson, ISBN 1-84354-609-4〕 Kasparov has described himself as a "self-appointed Christian", although "very indifferent".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Transcript: Kasparov to Start Campaign Promoting 'Values of Democracy' )〕 Kasparov first began the serious study of chess after he came across a chess problem set up by his parents and proposed a solution.〔''Unlimited Challenge'', an autobiography by Garry Kasparov with Donald Trelford, ISBN 0-00-637358-5〕 His father died of leukemia when Garry was seven years old.〔(Kasparov: The World's Chess Champion ), by Anne Kressler, From ''Azerbaijan International'' (3.3) Autumn 1995. (Retrieved 31 March 2008)〕 At the age of twelve, Garry adopted his mother's Armenian surname, Gasparian, modifying it to a more Russified version, Kasparov. From age 7, Kasparov attended the Young Pioneer Palace in Baku and, at 10 began training at Mikhail Botvinnik's chess school under noted coach Vladimir Makogonov. Makogonov helped develop Kasparov's positional skills and taught him to play the Caro-Kann Defence and the Tartakower System of the Queen's Gambit Declined. Kasparov won the Soviet Junior Championship in Tbilisi in 1976, scoring 7 points of 9, at age 13. He repeated the feat the following year, winning with a score of 8½ of 9. He was being trained by Alexander Shakarov during this time. In 1978, Kasparov participated in the Sokolsky Memorial tournament in Minsk. He had been invited as an exception but took first place and became a chess master. Kasparov has repeatedly said that this event was a turning point in his life, and that it convinced him to choose chess as his career. "I will remember the Sokolsky Memorial as long as I live", he wrote. He has also said that after the victory, he thought he had a very good shot at the World Championship.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ICC Help: interview )〕 He first qualified for the Soviet Chess Championship at age 15 in 1978, the youngest ever player at that level. He won the 64-player Swiss system tournament at Daugavpils on tiebreak over Igor V. Ivanov to capture the sole qualifying place. Kasparov rose quickly through the World Chess Federation rankings. Starting with an oversight by the Russian Chess Federation, he participated in a grandmaster tournament in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina (then part of Yugoslavia), in 1979 while still unrated (he was a replacement for Viktor Korchnoi who was originally invited but withdrew due to threat of boycott from the Soviets). Kasparov won this high-class tournament, emerging with a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him to the top group of chess players (at the time, number 15 in the world)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=FIDE Rating List: January 1980 )〕). The next year, 1980, he won the World Junior Chess Championship in Dortmund, West Germany. Later that year, he made his debut as second reserve for the Soviet Union at the Chess Olympiad at Valletta, Malta, and became a Grandmaster. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Garry Kasparov」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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